Table 2 HbA1c at baseline and at end of intervention of the 9 studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | HbA1c Inclusion criteria | Mean (SD) HbA1c baseline control (%) | Change in mean HbA1c at followup control (%) | Mean (SD) HbA1c baseline TM (%) | Change in mean HbA1c at followup TM (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cadario |
 7.0%
| *9.2 | +0.2 | *9.1 | 0 |
| Chase | 7.0%–13.0% | 8.9 (1.1) | −0.3 | 9.0 (1.2) | −0.4 |
| Gay |
 8.0%
| 9.2 (0.9) | +0.1 | 9.3 (1.3) | −0.2 |
| Howe |
 8.5%
| 10.2 (1.4), ED 10.1 (1.2) | −0.5 | 10.0 (1.4) | −0.5 |
| Lawson |
 8.5%
| 9.7 (0.6) | −0.1 | 10.0 (1.3) | −0.6 |
| Marrero | None defined | 9.9 (1.6) | +0.4 | 9.4 (1.9) | +0.6 |
| Nunn |
 8.0%
| 8.3 (1.0) | +0.5 | 8.2 (1.1) | +0.7 |
| Panagiotopoulos |
 8.0% but  14.0%
| 9.6 (1.3) | −0.5 | 9.7 (1.2) | −0.9 |
| Rami |
 8.0%
| †9.3 (8.3–11.6) | +0.4 | †9.1 (8.0–11.3) | −0.1 |